The U certificate stands for universal, it means that a film is suitable for children over the age of 4. This would usually just apply to children's movies.
The PG certificate stands for parental guidance, films with this certificate tend to be for general viewing and shouldn't unsettle a child ages around 8 or over but haven't necessarily been made with a younger audience in mind.
The 12 and 12A certificates are very similar, however 12A tends to apply more in cinemas, meaning that a child aged under 12 couldn't watch a film with this certificate without adult supervision films with 12/12A certificate may contain moderate violence and some swearing.
Rather than being in cinemas 12 applies in DVD and Blu Ray so a child aged under 12 cannot buy that film, but the same rules apply in terms of language etc. in the film.
This certificates implies that no one under the age of 15 can watch a film with this certificate. With a 15 certificate a film can include much more swearing and no themes are prohibited. However this is as long as they apply in the correct context and apply with the theme. The amount of violence is likely to increase in a 15 certificate.
Films with an 18 certificate are for adults only and cannot be watched by anyone younger than 18. With this certificate no theme is prohibited because adults can choose freely what they want to see. There is no limitation on the amount of bad language and violence with this certificate, the idea of pain may be concentrated on and could include sadistic scenes. And there is no limitation on swearing at all.
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